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Transport in Turkey

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Istanbul Airport is the main international airport serving Istanbul, Turkey. It is a major hub in the world.

Transport in Turkey is road-dominated and mostly fuelled by diesel.[1] Transport consumes a quarter of energy in Turkey,[2] and is a major source of air pollution in Turkey and greenhouse gas emissions by Turkey. The World Health Organization has called for more active transport such as cycling.[3] As of 2023 health impact assessment is not done in Turkey.[4]: 50 

Rail transport

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Rail network

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Main articles: Rail transport in Turkey, History of rail transport in Turkey, and High-speed rail in Turkey
Rail transport map of Turkey along with urban rail networks indication
Haydarpaşa railway station built in 1909 by the Anatolian Railway (CFOA) as the western terminus of the Baghdad and Hedjaz railways, has become a symbol of Istanbul and Turkey and is famous throughout the Middle East.
TCDD HT80000 (Siemens Velaro TR) has a maximum operating speed of 300 km/h (186 mph)[5][6]

The TCDD – Türkiye Devlet Demir Yolları (Turkish State Railways) possess 13,919 km of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) gauge, of which 7,142 km are electrified (2024).[7] There are daily regular passenger trains all through the network.[8] TCDD has started an investment program of building 5.000 km high-speed lines until 2023. Multiple high speed train routes are running, including: Ankara-Eskişehir-İstanbul, Ankara-Konya and Ankara-Sivas lines.

The freight transportation is mainly organized as block trains for domestic routes, since TCDD discourages under 200 to loads by surcharges.

Urban rail

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Trams in Kayseri

After almost 30 years without any trams, Turkey is experiencing a revival in trams. Established in 1992, the tram system of Istanbul earned the best large-scale tram management award in 2005. Another award-winning tram network belongs to Eskişehir (EsTram) where a modern tram system opened in 2004. Several other cities are planning or constructing tram lines, with modern low-flow trams.

By 2014, there have been 12 cities in Turkey using railroads for transportation.

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Road transport

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Junction of the O-2 and O-3 in Istanbul
Otoyol 5 near Altınova exit
See also: Automotive industry in Turkey

Road transport is responsible for much air pollution in Turkey and almost a fifth of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions, mainly via diesel. It is one of 3 G20 countries without a fuel efficiency standard.[11] As of 2020 there are many old, inefficient, polluting trucks.[2] Retiring old polluting vehicles by forcing all cars and trucks to meet tailpipe emission standards would reduce disease, especially from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.[12] As of 2024, the country has a roadway network of 68,617 kilometres (42,637 miles).[13] The total length of the rail network was 13,919 kilometres (8,649 miles) in 2024, including 7,142 kilometres (4,438 miles) of electrified and 2,251 kilometres (1,399 miles) of high-speed track.[14][15] The Turkish State Railways started building high-speed rail lines in 2003. The Ankara-Konya line became operational in 2011, while the Ankara-Istanbul line entered service in 2014.[15] Opened in 2013, the Marmaray tunnel under the Bosphorus connects the railway and metro lines of Istanbul's European and Asian sides; while the nearby Eurasia Tunnel (2016) provides an undersea road connection for motor vehicles.[16] The Bosphorus Bridge (1973), Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge (1988) and Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge (2016) are the three suspension bridges connecting the European and Asian shores of the Bosphorus strait. The Osman Gazi Bridge (2016) connects the northern and southern shores of the Gulf of İzmit. The 1915 Çanakkale Bridge (2022) , connects the European and Asian shores of the Dardanelles strait.

As of 2022 fuel quality and emissions standards are not as good as those in the EU.[17]

In 2023 the World Bank said the government should plan and subsidize the rollout of public electric car chargers, particularly because so many people live in flats. They said that a subsidy would provide environmental and social benefits. They also said that cities should set an end date for diesel buses.[18]

Road network

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Main article: List of highways in Turkey
Turkish Otoyol network map

There are three types of intercity roads in Turkey:

– The first is the historical and free road network called State roads (Devlet Yolları) that are completely under the responsibility of the General Directorate of Highways except for urban sections (like the sections falling within the inner part of ring roads of Ankara, Istanbul or İzmir. Even if they mostly possess dual carriageways and interchanges, they also have some traffic lights and intersections.

– The second type of roads are controlled-access highways that are officially named Otoyol. But it isn't uncommon that people in Turkey call them Otoban (referring to Autobahn) as this types of roads entered popular culture by the means of Turks in Germany. They also depend on the General Directorate of Highways except those that are financed with a BOT model.[citation needed]

– The third type of roads are provincial roads (Il Yolları) are highways of secondary importance linking districts within a province to each other , the provincial center, the districts in the neighboring provinces, the state roads, railway stations, seaports, and airports

  • Motorways: Motorway 3.796 km (January 2025)[19]
  • Dual carriageways: 29.673 km (January 2025)[19]
  • State Highways 30.832 km (January 2025)[19]
  • Provincial Roads 33.922 km (January 2025)[19]
  • Motorway Projects‐Vision 8.325 km (in 2053)[20]

As of 2023, there are 471 tunnels (total length 665 km)[21] and 9.660 bridges (total length 739 km)[22] on the network.

Public road transport

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Intercity bus station in Aydın

There are numerous private bus companies providing connections between cities in Turkey. For local trips to villages there are dolmuşes, small vans that seat about twenty passengers. As of 2024, number of road vehicles is around 31 million. The number of vehicles by type and use is as follows.[23]

Motor vehicles by year (2002-2024)

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Yıl Total Car Minibus Bus Small truck Truck Motorcycle Special Purpose vehicle Tractor
2002 8.655.170 4.600.140 241.700 120.097 875.381 567.152 1.046.907 23.666 1.180.127
2003 8.903.843 4.700.343 245.394 123.500 973.457 579.010 1.073.415 24.468 1.184.256
2004 10.236.357 5.400.440 318.954 152.712 1.259.867 647.420 1.218.677 28.004 1.210.283
2005 11.145.826 5.772.745 338.539 163.390 1.475.057 676.929 1.441.066 30.333 1.247.767
2006 12.227.393 6.140.992 357.523 175.949 1.695.624 709.535 1.822.831 34.260 1.290.679
2007 13.022.945 6.472.156 372.601 189.128 1.890.459 729.202 2.003.492 38.573 1.327.334
2008 13.765.395 6.796.629 383.548 199.934 2.066.007 744.217 2.181.383 35.100 1.358.577
2009 14.316.700 7.093.964 384.053 201.033 2.204.951 727.302 2.303.261 34.104 1.368.032
2010 15.095.603 7.544.871 386.973 208.510 2.399.038 726.359 2.389.488 35.492 1.404.872
2011 16.089.528 8.113.111 389.435 219.906 2.611.104 728.458 2.527.190 34.116 1.466.208
2012 17.033.413 8.648.875 396.119 235.949 2.794.606 751.650 2.657.722 33.071 1.515.421
2013 17.939.447 9.283.923 421.848 219.885 2.933.050 755.950 2.722.826 36.148 1.565.817
2014 18.828.721 9.857.915 427.264 211.200 3.062.479 773.728 2.828.466 40.731 1.626.938
2015 19.994.472 10.589.337 449.213 217.056 3.255.299 804.319 2.938.364 45.732 1.695.152
2016 21.090.424 11.317.998 463.933 220.361 3.442.483 825.334 3.003.733 50.818 1.765.764
2017 22.218.945 12.035.978 478.618 221.885 3.642.625 838.718 3.102.800 60.099 1.838.222
2018 22.865.921 12.398.190 487.527 218.523 3.755.580 845.462 3.211.328 63.359 1.885.952
2019 23.156.975 12.503.049 493.373 213.358 3.796.919 844.481 3.331.326 65.470 1.908.999
2020 24.144.857 13.099.041 493.395 212.407 3.938.732 859.670 3.512.576 70.309 1.958.727
2021 25.249.119 13.706.065 484.806 208.882 4.115 205 886.303 3.744.370 78.482 2.025.006
2022 26.482.847 14.269.352 487.381 208.442 4.277.424 919.125 4.141.914 85.276 2.093.933
2023 28.740.492 15.221.134 502.628 210.740 4.487.244 959.793 5.079.396 93.407 2.186.150
2024 31.301.389 16.232.458 522.608 213.416 4.703.287 1.000.326 6 261.927 102.100 2.265.267

Source[24]

Cycling

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This section is an excerpt from Cycling in Turkey.[edit]
Fancy Women Bike Ride in Urla, İzmir
Rural west Turkey
Cycling in Turkey is held back by poor infrastructure. It is sometimes done for health reasons, and infrastructure is being improved.[25][26] The World Health Organization has called for transport in Turkey to include more active transport such as cycling.[27]

Escooters

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Escooter rental is available in some cities,[28] and escooters can be used on cycle paths, and on urban roads without cycle paths where the speed limit is below 50 kph.[29]

Car ownership

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As of 2024 over half the registered motor vehicles are cars - about 16.2 million - of which 5.5 million are diesel fueled, 5.2 million LPG, 4,9 million gasoline, 0.4 million Hybrid, and 0.2 million electric.[30]

Air transport

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Istanbul Airport is the largest airport in Turkey.
Main article: Aviation in Turkey

In 2013 Turkey had the tenth largest passenger air market in the world with 74,353,297 passengers.[31] In 2013 there were 98 airports in Turkey,[32] including 22 international airports.[33] As of 2015, Istanbul Atatürk Airport is the 11th busiest airport in the world, serving 31,833,324 passengers between January and July 2014, according to Airports Council International.[34] The new (third) international airport of Istanbul is planned to be the largest airport in the world, with a capacity to serve 150 million passengers per annum.[35][36] Turkish Airlines, flag carrier of Turkey since 1933, was selected by Skytrax as Europe's best airline for five consecutive years in 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015.[37][38][39] With 435 destinations (51 domestic and 384 international) in 126 countries worldwide, Turkish Airlines is the largest carrier in the world by number of countries served as of 2016.[40]

Airlines

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Main articles: List of airlines of Turkey and List of defunct airlines of Turkey
Turkish Airlines, the flag carrier of Turkey

Airports

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Main article: List of airports in Turkey

Total number of Airports in Turkey: 117 (2007)

Airports – with paved runways
total: 88
over 3,047 m: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m:


1,524 to 2,437 m: 19
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 4 (2010) (Link:[41])

Airports – with unpaved runways
total: 11
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 6
under 914 m: 4 (2010) (Link:[41])

Heliports 20 (2010)

Water transport

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About 1,200 km

Ports and harbours

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Black Sea

Aegean Sea

Mediterranean Sea

Sea of Marmara

Air pollution

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Road traffic is a major source of air pollution in Turkey,[42] and Istanbul is one of the few European cities without a low emission zone.[43][44]

Transport emitted 85 megatonnes of CO2 in 2018, about one tonne per person and 16 percent of Turkey's greenhouse gas emissions. Road transport dominated transport emissions with 79 megatonnes, including agricultural vehicles.[45]

See also

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Sources

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  • Difiglio, Prof. Carmine; Güray, Bora Şekip; Merdan, Ersin (November 2020). Turkey Energy Outlook. iicec.sabanciuniv.edu (Report). Sabanci University Istanbul International Center for Energy and Climate (IICEC). ISBN 978-605-70031-9-5.

References

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  1. ^ Difiglio, Güray & Merdan (2020), p. 135.
  2. ^ a b Difiglio, Güray & Merdan (2020), p. 102.
  3. ^ "Health and climate change: country profile 2022: Turkey - Turkey | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  4. ^ "Implementation of health impact assessment and health in environmental assessment across the WHO European Region". www.who.int. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  5. ^ "Velaro Turkey: High-Speed Train for TCDD" (PDF). Siemens Mobility. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  6. ^ "Velaro Turkey High-Speed Train". Siemens Mobility. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
  7. ^ https://adminapi.tcddtasimacilik.gov.tr/files/pdfs/TCDD-Tasimacilik-2023-istatistikleri.pdf
  8. ^ Uysal, Onur. "Traveling by Train in Turkey", Rail Turkey, 5 Mar 2014
  9. ^ Railway Gazette International – January 2008 p51
  10. ^ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Devlet Demiryolları". Archived from the original on 7 May 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  11. ^ "Everything you need to know about how Australia can boost electric vehicle supply". 10 August 2022.
  12. ^ Difiglio, Güray & Merdan (2020), p. 154.
  13. ^ "Yol Ağı Bilgileri". Karayolları Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
  14. ^ "CIA World Factbook: Turkey". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  15. ^ a b "Dünyada Ve Türkıyede Hizli Tren". hizlitren.tcdd.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 5 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  16. ^ "Istanbul's $1.3BN Eurasia Tunnel prepares to open". Anadolu Agency. 19 December 2016.
  17. ^ "Türkiye 2022 Report". EU Delegation to Türkiye. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  18. ^ "Deploying Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in Türkiye".
  19. ^ a b c d "KGM 2025 Performance Report" (PDF). kgm.gov.tr (in Turkish). 1 January 2023. p. 29. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  20. ^ "Bakan Karaismailoğlu: Hedefimiz 2053'e kadar otoyol uzunluğumuzu 8 bin 325 kilometreye ulaştırmak" (in Turkish). aa.com.tr. 6 December 2022. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  21. ^ "Tunnel projects". kgm.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  22. ^ "Bridge Projects" (in Turkish). kgm.gov.tr. Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2023.
  23. ^ https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Motorlu-Kara-Tasitlari-Aralik-2024-53463&dil=1
  24. ^ https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr
  25. ^ Koçak, Funda (24 December 2016). "Cycling in Turkey: Reasons and benefits of cycling / Türkiye'de bisiklet kullanımı: Bisiklet kullanma nedenleri ve elde edilen faydalar". Journal of Human Sciences. 13 (3): 5760–5771. doi:10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4190. ISSN 2458-9489.
  26. ^ "Turkey eyes bicycle tourism alternative amid diversity efforts". Hürriyet Daily News. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  27. ^ "Health and climate change: country profile 2022: Turkey". ReliefWeb. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
  28. ^ "E-scooter company Fenix acquires Palm for $5M, gains entry to Turkish market". TechCrunch. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  29. ^ "Regulation for use of e-scooter enters into force - Turkey News". Hürriyet Daily News. 16 April 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2021.
  30. ^ Çoban, Hasan Hüseyin (23 November 2020). "A 100% Renewable Energy System: The Case of Turkey In The Year 2050".
  31. ^ World Bank Datebase, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.AIR.PSGR
  32. ^ "CIA World Factbook: Turkey". Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  33. ^ "Study in Turkey: International Airports in Turkey". Archived from the original on 25 December 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  34. ^ "Year to date Passenger Traffic". ACI. 25 September 2014. Archived from the original on 13 August 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
  35. ^ "It will be the biggest airport of the world". 24 January 2013. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013.
  36. ^ "Istanbul's New Erdoğan-Backed Airport to Be Named After... Erdoğan". Newsweek. 14 August 2014.
  37. ^ "Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe at the 2012 World Airline Awards held at Farnborough Air Show". Skytrax. 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  38. ^ "Turkish Airlines named best airline in Europe for fifth year in a row – BUSINESS". 17 June 2015.
  39. ^ "Turkish Airlines is named the Best Airline in Europe 2014". Archived from the original on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2014.
  40. ^ "Turkish Airlines: International Flight Destinations". Turkish Airlines. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  41. ^ a b "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
  42. ^ "Report: Air pollution becoming more lethal in Turkey while scientists struggle to access data". Bianet - Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  43. ^ "StackPath". www.masstransitmag.com. 14 April 2020. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
  44. ^ Gökgöz Ergül, Merve (6 August 2018). Low emission zone study in İstanbul by using MODELS-3/CMAQ framework (masterThesis thesis). Avrasya Yerbilimleri Enstitüsü.
  45. ^ "Turkey. 2020 National Inventory Report (NIR)". unfccc.int. Retrieved 9 November 2020.
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